Dropwise condensation represents a critical mechanism in the efficient transfer of thermal energy, where discrete droplets form and detach from a surface rather than coalescing into a continuous film.

The processes governing condensation in refrigerants are critical to modern thermal management and energy systems. Condensation heat transfer, which involves the phase change from vapour to liquid, ...

Controlling the solid-liquid-vapor tri-phase interface is of fundamental importance for a broad range of industrial applications ranging from biomedical engineering, energy production and utilization, ...