The copper target was operated at voltages of 11 kV, 12 kV, 13 kV, and 14 kV for the electron source, and a 50 kV configuration using a molybdenum target was used as a representative example for the ...

Establishing the chemical state and nitrogen concentration is crucial in defining the electronic structure of a material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a technique that is frequently used ...

Note: This video is designed to help the teacher better understand the lesson and is NOT intended to be shown to students. It includes observations and conclusions that students are meant to make on ...